Hydrogen and hydrogen-based energy sources will play an important role in the energy system of the future. But fossil fuels will also still be needed on a large scale around 2050. This is shown by four Net Zero studies (by IEA, IRENA, BP and Shell) that GES has evaluated. However, if fossil fuels are to continue to be used in the foreseeable future, and if climate targets are to be met at the same time, there is no way around carbon capture – i.e. the capture and subsequent disposal or use of CO2. This contrasts with a widespread notion of the energy transition, according to which there should be a complete phase-out of fossil fuels so that renewables can take over once and for all. The meta-study by Leon Berks and Christof von Branconi shows: This is a naïve wish.